Avoidant/ Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria (according to the DSM-5):
- An Eating or Feeding disturbance as manifested by persistent failure to meet appropriate nutritional and/or energy needs associated with one (or more) of the following:
- Significant loss of weight (or failure to achieve expected weight gain or faltering growth in children).
- Significant nutritional deficiency
- Dependence on enteral feeding or oral nutritional supplements
- Marked interference with psychosocial functioning
- The behavior is not better explained by lack of available food or by an associated culturally sanctioned practice.
- The behavior does not occur exclusively during the course of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, and there is no evidence of a disturbance in the way one’s body weight or shape is experienced.
- The eating disturbance is not attributed to a medical condition, or better explained by another mental health disorder. When is does occur in the presence of another condition/disorder, the behavior exceeds what is usually associated, and warrants additional clinical attention.
Pica
Diagnostic Criteria (according to the DSM-5):
- Persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.
- The eating of non-nutritive substances is inappropriate to the developmental level of the individual.
- The eating behaviour is not part of a culturally supported or socially normative practice.
- If occurring in the presence of another mental disorder (e.g. autistic spectrum disorder), or during a medical condition (e.g. pregnancy), it is severe enough to warrant independent clinical attention.
Rumination Disorder
Diagnostic Criteria (according to the DSM-5):
- Repeated regurgitation of food for a period of at least one month Regurgitated food may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out.
- The repeated regurgitation is not due to a medication condition (e.g. gastrointestinal condition).
- The behaviour does not occur exclusively in the course of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, BED, or Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake disorder.
- If occurring in the presence of another mental disorder (e.g. intellectual developmental disorder), it is severe enough to warrant independent clinical attention.
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED)
Diagnostic Criteria (according to the DSM-5):
To be diagnosed as having OSFED a person must present with a feeding or eating behaviours that cause clinically significant distress and impairment in areas of functioning, but do not meet the full criteria for any of the other feeding and eating disorders.
A diagnosis might then be allocated that specifies a specific reason why the presentation does not meet the specifics of another disorder (e.g. Bulimia Nervosa- low frequency). The following are further examples for OSFED:
To be diagnosed as having OSFED a person must present with a feeding or eating behaviours that cause clinically significant distress and impairment in areas of functioning, but do not meet the full criteria for any of the other feeding and eating disorders.
A diagnosis might then be allocated that specifies a specific reason why the presentation does not meet the specifics of another disorder (e.g. Bulimia Nervosa- low frequency). The following are further examples for OSFED:
- Atypical Anorexia Nervosa: All criteria are met, except despite significant weight loss, the individual’s weight is within or above the normal range.
- Binge Eating Disorder (of low frequency and/or limited duration): All of the criteria for BED are met, except at a lower frequency and/or for less than three months.
- Bulimia Nervosa (of low frequency and/or limited duration): All of the criteria for Bulimia Nervosa are met, except that the binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviour occurs at a lower frequency and/or for less than three months.
- Purging Disorder: Recurrent purging behaviour to influence weight or shape in the absence of binge eating
- Night Eating Syndrome: Recurrent episodes of night eating. Eating after awakening from sleep, or by excessive food consumption after the evening meal. The behavior is not better explained by environmental influences or social norms. The behavior causes significant distress/impairment. The behavior is not better explained by another mental health disorder (e.g. BED).
Orthorexia
Although not a diagnostically recognized eating disorder, orthorexia is a condition characterized by obsessively eating only "healthy" foods. The orthorexic's strict eating habits are an attempt to feel pure, healthy and natural.
So, what's the problem with eating healthy foods? The problem lies not in the foods that are eaten but in the overly strict and controlling attitude towards food. Usually, orthorexia does not pose much of a physical danger but it is a source of severe psychological distress. However, there have been cases where people follow such strict , that it has resulted in the emaciation seen in anorexia nervosa. In these cases, people with orthorexia are subject to the same physical dangers characteristic of anorexia nervosa.
So, what's the problem with eating healthy foods? The problem lies not in the foods that are eaten but in the overly strict and controlling attitude towards food. Usually, orthorexia does not pose much of a physical danger but it is a source of severe psychological distress. However, there have been cases where people follow such strict , that it has resulted in the emaciation seen in anorexia nervosa. In these cases, people with orthorexia are subject to the same physical dangers characteristic of anorexia nervosa.
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